History Of Physicians Assistant :: essays research papers fc

The year is 1959, and Mr. Scott has had a migraine headache for the past few weeks and so he drives to the local Potsdam Hospital. The poignant antiseptic smell fills his nostrils as he steps unto the polished hospital floor but what catches his eye is the large number of mountain waiting in the lounge. Mr. Scott patiently stands behind the long line of people to sign the needed forms to be seen by the physician. An hour and a half passes, and it is eventually his turn to see the receptionist. He looks at the woman behind the counter in the bright white uniform and asks, Is it always like this? The woman replies in a weary but irritated tone It was not this hectic until Dr. Johnson and Dr. Smith left to specialize in Syracuse. As Mr. Jones fills out the questionnaire about his insurance, he mutters to him self, Boy, they need to do something about this. They should hire more doctors or something." The medical community did do something to off set the projected decline of physic ians. About 30 years ago, a new health awe profession was integrated into the medical field to assist physicians to prescreen and handle the routine patient loads. At first, medico Assistants (PAs) met some opposition, but later they were accepted as a need and an asset to society. The following history of the physician assistant will show how a crisis caused the development of this profession, and the conditions which created the profession and how the struggles of the PA profession during the 1960s through the 1970s ended with the maturity phase of the 1980s and 1990s.      A crisis caused the development of the PA profession. This puzzle was the widely held belief that there was a shortage of medically trained personnel , which originated from the 1959 Report of the Surgeon Generals Consultant Group of medical exam Education. This report gave three main reasons why an expansion of health care was needed in the United States1. There was fear of rapid popul ation result projections with disproportionate increases of the young and elderly. These two populations statistically and historically utilize more health care than the average populace. 2. There was an increased per capita use of health care facilities. This was spurred by numerous factors. The first was improved living standards that brought higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality.

Struggles of African Americans in Langston Hughes’ Poems, Mother to Son

Struggles of African Americans in Langston Hughes Poems, Mother to Son and Lenox Avenue Midnight The experiences, lessons, and conditions of integritys life provide a wellspring of inspiration for ones creative expressions and ideas. Throughout life people encounter situations and circumstances that because help to mold them into individualized spirits. An individuals personality is a reflection of his or her life. Langston Hughes, a world-renowned African American poet and self-professed defender of African American heritage, boldly defies the stereotypical and accepted form of poetry at his own discretion. Although Langston Hughes is a successful African American poet, he, like many other Harlemites, faces obstacles and reverse along his journey through life however, Hughes embraces his hardships and infuses his life experiences into poetical works that his fellow African Americans can relate to on some level. In some(prenominal) his poems Mother to Son and Lenox Aven ue Midnight Hughes reveals the constant struggle of a typical African American living during the 1920s. In Mother to Son Hughes expresses the desperation of a mother who is anxious for her son to succeed. In the poem the mother hopes to offer her son encouraging words and impart to him the wisdom and knowledge she gains through persevering. art object in the latter poem, Lenox Avenue Midnight, Hughes reveals the cultural aspects of a city during the Harlem Renaissance and conveys the emotions of a quintessential African American Harlemite based on his own his experiences as an African American poet living in Harlem, NY. Hughes exposes in both poems the true nature, as he perceives it, of life as an African American in 1920s white America. ... ...g hidden within the words of his poem.Works CitedHarper, Donna. Thomson Gale. 12, March 2003. Hughes, Langston. The Harlem Renaissance. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. tertiar y cram ed. New York Longman, 2003. 767-769.Hughes, Langston. Lenox Avenue Midnight. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 3rd Compact ed. New York Longman 2003. 760.Hughes, Langston. Mother to Son. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 3rd Compact ed. New York Longman 2003. 759.Pinckney, Darryl. Black Identity in Langston Hughes. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, And Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 3rd Compact ed. New York Longman 2003. 772-773.

The Repressive Governments Of Zamiatins We And Orwells 1984 :: essays research papers fc

The Repressive Governments of Zamiatins We and Orwells 1984Outline Thesis Both Zamiatins We and Orwells 1984 have governments that withhold actions and thoughts through the use of physical and psychological force.I. Intro.II. Wes Governments Use of psychological ForceA. Number systemB. Sexual RegistrationIII. 1984s Governments Use of Psychological ForceA. NewspeakB. DoublethinkIV. Both Governments Use of Physical ForceA. Torture of WinstonB. Operation On FancyV. Conclusion     Throughout time, people have wondered what happens when governmentgains complete manoeuver not only over peoples actions, but over the thoughtsthat precede them. Is it up to now possible to gain such omnipotence over gentlemannature that human beings will renounce all individuality? If such a societycould exist, would human nature truly be conquered, or just subdued sufficientlythat the will of the few could be contorted into the will of the generalpopulation? The British author Eric Bla ir, better known by his pen name GeorgeOrwell, and the Russian born Eugene Zamiatin both attempt to address thesequestions in their respective books 1984 and We.     These novels depict, ". . . mechanized societies whose citizens aredeprived of freedom through physical and psychological conditioning." (Bloom 17)The amazing thing about these civilizations is that the majority of thecitizenry, at least publicly, applauds the governments totalitarian actions.Both Zamiatins We and Orwells 1984 have governments that repress thought andaction through the use of physical and physiological force.     One of the most visible ways the government of the United State is ableto control the thought and actions of its citizens is by the use and abuse of asystem by which each member of society receives a number at birth preferably ofgiven a name (Goldstein 54). The numbers are assigned according to sex andoccupation. For example, D-503, the main cha racter in We, is male, and is thusassigned a sympathetic for his prefix while his female partner, O-90, is assigneda vowel. As D-503 is an engineer, he receives a 5 as his first number. Allstate poets such as O-90 have numbers under 100. (Zamiatin 46). This use ofnumbers instead of names creates a sense of unity and oneness of purpose in thecontented, complacent number of the United State. "The most striking thingabout the Numbers "names", is how easily they incorporate their assignment intotheir lives, and their contempt for the "old way" of naming." (Gregg 549)     The Numbers numbers are fasten onto their tunics called "unifs", frontand back in large enough print that anyone, ". . .up to one hundred meters awaycan read your Number from any direction.

Pygmalion and Society at the Time Essay -- Papers

Pygmalion and Society at the Time In this essay I will be discussing Bernard Shaws representation of Edwardian Society in Pygmalion. Shaw was a member of the Fabian Society a collection of middle class people who believed that capitalism had created an unjust and unfair society. They were concerned about the unreasonable and imbalanced class system of the time and wanted to reconstruct society, creating an equal and fair civilisation with no class divide, which was so blatantly obvious due to the ignorance in the midst of classes. The rich lived lifestyles of luxury the men would earn livings through land and property they owned and through careers such as scientists, lawyers and accountants. In the summer, they enjoyed a whole sequence of entertainment at their London house for tea and dinner parties, dances and visits to the theatre. In winter, they had holidays abroad and spent weekends at each others country houses. The men went shooting and hunt and the ladies entertained themselves horse riding. Meanwhile, the poor were struggling on the dirty streets earning a pittance for manual jobs in workhouses and places similar. Conditions for them were sometimes so bad that they were forced to live in ridiculously over-crowded houses with other poor families. They could not afford new clothes or even food at times. They could certainly not afford luxuries ilk the rich enjoyed. The setting of Elizas home and Mrs. Higgins home show the both the pitiable living condition of the poor and the far from modest living conditions of the wealthy. Eliza can but afford the basic needs a place to sleep, one set of clothes and limited light... ...h man, I sold flowers not myself. Elizas ability to reprimand Higgins is a issue of a shame for Higgins, as he is being scolded by someone who he had al appearances considered lower than him. This illustrates again the fact that money does not bargain for you respect or manners and does not make you a good person. Shaw wanted the middle classes to realise and consider the working class. He was convinced that the way to alleviate the problem of poverty in society was to provide equal opportunity for all. This message is depicted in Elizas transformation. Shaw also attacks middle class determine and brands them hypocrites. He suggests that exposure to working class values might do them some good and teach them a valuable lesson. It is an influential message from drink down to finish and will persuade many people to consider others more.

Spyware Essay -- Spyware Research Papers

Spyware I. IntroductionSlowly but surely, the computer I use at home was get slower and slower. Whenever I would connect to the Internet, simple tasks such as web browsing and checking e-mail would take longer amounts of time to complete than usual. Although my 56K modem was slow by todays standards, I knew that it would not bottleneck the system while opening simple web sites such as Google. This was a shock to me since I pride myself on running a streamlined and clean computer. It was even more puzzling since the only continuously running program I free is an Anti-Virus program. I checked the Windows Task Manager and to my surprise, my CPU usage was hovering around 80%, yet no other programs were running I immediately started researching the job on the Internet and quickly found the problem that matched my computers symptoms, spyware. I downloaded a spyware detection and removal utility fortunately my problem was resolved. It detect three unique spyware programs running on my computer and quickly removed them. My computer returned to normal operating speed and I felt safe shrewd no more spyware was on my computer.II. What is Spyware?Spyware is the general term for describing software whose purpose is to collect demographic and usage information from your computer, usually for advertising purposes. The term is besides used to describe software that sneaks onto the system or performs other activities hidden to the user.1 Basically, spyware is a program that runs in the background of a computer, unbeknownst to the user, that has multiple abilities. The most non-intrusive task is using spyware as a form of copy protection. Intuit, the company that produces the popular tax program TurboT... ...eve Gibson, The Anatomy of File Download Spyware, Gibson query Corporation, (4 March 2003).6. Jason Anders, Net Filter Spies on Kids Surfing, Wall Street Journal, 25 January 2001, 1.7. Jason Anders, Net Filter Spies on Kids Surfing, Wall Street Journal, 2 5 January 2001, 2.8. George Lawton, Invasive software package Whos Inside Your Computer? Computer, July 2002, 15.9. John Borland and Rachel Konrad, PC Invaders Camp Out in Hard Drives, Cnet News, 18 April 2002, (4 March 2003).10. Ed Foster, Sneakwrapping a Virus, Infoworld, 4 November 2002, 64.11. cater Writer, Sen. Edwards Intros Spyware Control Act, Financial Times, 9 October 2000, 1.12. Staff Writer, Sen. Edwards Intros Spyware Control Act, Financial Times, 9 October 2000, 1.

Spyware Essay -- Spyware Research Papers

Spyware I. IntroductionSlowly but surely, the computer I use at home was getting slower and slower. Whenever I would connect to the Internet, simple tasks such as web browsing and checking e-mail would take longer amounts of time to complete than usual. Although my 56K modem was slow by todays standards, I knew that it would not bottleneck the system while opening simple web sites such as Google. This was a shock to me since I pride myself on running a streamlined and clean computer. It was even more puzzling since the only continuously running program I provide is an Anti-Virus program. I checked the Windows Task Manager and to my surprise, my CPU usage was hovering around 80%, yet no other programs were running I immediately started researching the fuss on the Internet and quickly found the problem that matched my computers symptoms, spyware. I downloaded a spyware detection and removal utility fortunately my problem was resolved. It find three unique spyware programs r unning on my computer and quickly removed them. My computer returned to normal operating speed and I felt safe erudite no more spyware was on my computer.II. What is Spyware?Spyware is the general term for describing software whose purpose is to collect demographic and usage information from your computer, usually for advertising purposes. The term is overly used to describe software that sneaks onto the system or performs other activities hidden to the user.1 Basically, spyware is a program that runs in the background of a computer, unbeknownst to the user, that has multiple abilities. The most non-intrusive task is using spyware as a form of copy protection. Intuit, the company that produces the popular tax program TurboT... ...eve Gibson, The Anatomy of File Download Spyware, Gibson enquiry Corporation, (4 March 2003).6. Jason Anders, Net Filter Spies on Kids Surfing, Wall Street Journal, 25 January 2001, 1.7. Jason Anders, Net Filter Spies on Kids Surfing, Wall Street Jo urnal, 25 January 2001, 2.8. George Lawton, Invasive computer software Whos Inside Your Computer? Computer, July 2002, 15.9. John Borland and Rachel Konrad, PC Invaders Camp Out in Hard Drives, Cnet News, 18 April 2002, (4 March 2003).10. Ed Foster, Sneakwrapping a Virus, Infoworld, 4 November 2002, 64.11. module Writer, Sen. Edwards Intros Spyware Control Act, Financial Times, 9 October 2000, 1.12. Staff Writer, Sen. Edwards Intros Spyware Control Act, Financial Times, 9 October 2000, 1.

Beefmasters

Good morning I hope all of you are doing well today My name is Ethan Saye Im from Pilot Point Texas which is North of Dallas, this year I will to be in 9th grade at Aubrey High School. Im a member of the Aubrey FFA and a proud member of the JBBA. This morning I will be speaking on My Favorite of the Six Essentials that Tom Lasater insisted on being the requirements concerning the Beefmaster cattle.Although I like the Beefmaster Breed for their Fertility, Weight, Milking Ability, Conformation, and Disposition, my favorite of the six essentials is the hardiness of this breed. Allow me tell you why I like this ability for one reason they adapt easily to retributive about all climes including extremely hot and cold weather, they also do well in dry and wet climates.They adapt so easily they are found in the US, Mexico, Both Central America and South America, Australia and Africa as well. There are not a lot of breeds that stack be so adaptable to so many types of climates. This mean s that the Beefmaster breed can be raised globally. It also means as the world climate changes due to global warming the Beefmaster will be able to adapt easily and do a good job for their purpose, whether it is for milking, for meat, breeding, showing or just enjoying a good bull ride.The Beefmaster breed will survive and strive for many years to come and any beefmaster rancher would proud to say he owns a herd. Even though beefmasters will strive this does not mean that all other life will. With saying that I hope I have convinced(p) you that we the people need to have a part with lowering pollution. I will one day on my own herd, because of the hardiness of the beefmaster breed, so that I may be able to carry on this wonderful breed and be able to prosper as well.

Factors Affecting Food Selection Essay

1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyse the 4 main types factors that reckon the viands infusion of adolescents and how each of these factors affect their provenders. As a result of examining various internet websites and books well-nigh this topic, this report describes the 4 types of factors that affect solid forage selection and the factors that influence the fare selection of teen climb onrs the most.Consuming food is vital for adolescents since they argonnt fully developed yet, and what they eat is influenced by various factors. The main types of factors are psychological, physiological, social, and sparing factors, and each of them influence what choices people make when it comes to food. Over the past 20 years, teenagers reach adopted the habit of consuming a lot of junk food, collect subject to the influence of many economic, psychological, physiological and social factors. As time goes on, the factors that affect the food choices of adolescents may sort.Overview of social factors Social factors that affect food selection doctor to the cultures and societies that adolescents live in, along with how the interaction with other people greatly influence the food choices that they make. One of the reasons why social factors has a significant influence on adolescents is because their attitudes and habits relating to food normally develop through the interaction with their peers, friends and families. Social factors that claim a great impact on the food selection of adolescents are the media, and their peers. strike moreFactors that influence child development essay2.1 Peer Influences A peer is a person that has the same social status, and is around the same age as another person. The influence of peers is the greatest in adolescence. the reason for this is because like fashion, course of actions come and go in the food industry. For adolescents, being cool and being evaluate among their peers is vital, so they usually follow the food trends that the majority of the group follow for that sake. Although, this causes them to disregard their parents influence on what they should and should not eat. In instantlys society, teenagers are influenced by their peers to eat at popular fast food out(a)lets such as Mcdonalds, since its a popular food trend among them. This affects them in a controvert way since the food that is sold at these outlets can have poor nutritionary values. This causes an increase in diet tie in diseases in teenagers such as type 2 diabetes, and according to the Department of Health and Aging, type 2 diabetes is becoming more common in jr. age groups.2.2 Media In affluent societies, the media plays a significant role in food selection for adolescents. This is because they are exposed to the thousands of food advertisements on a routine basis. There are advertisements nearly everywhere they go, such as on television, the internet, school buses, radios, and magazines, so adolescents go a way be tempted to eat the product that is being advertised. The negative effect of these advertisements is that they are advertising food that is high in sugar, salt, and fat so they arent ideal for meeting their nutritional requirements. The media is one of the many factors amenable for the unhealthy life-styles in teenagers and according to the Department of Health and Aging, 25% of children and adolescents were either overweight or obese in 2007-08, and to this day, this percentage has increased.2.3 Education Education nigh food and nutrients is essential for adolescents, since it helps them to become more cognitionable and educated about their options when it comes to food selection and the nutritional requirements of their age group. Also, teenagers that are informed about this will most likely make better and wiser food choices than those who dont, although this all depends on whether the person is able to apply the knowledge into their everyday lives. Furthermore, adolesce nts that have the knowledge and skills to prepare their own food are also more likely to make better and wiser food choices. The reason for this is because making a meal from marker can prevent buying prepared meals from fast food outlets, and home-cooked meals have a higher nutritional value than preprepared meals.Overview of psychological factors Psychological factors are joined with an individuals emotions, and their thoughts. The psychological factors that affect a persons food selection vary from individual to individual, since they are based on their lifestyle and childhood. They are also hard to describe and some factors even have a continuous influence on an individual (E.g. Beliefs, values.) turn others can change each day. (E.g. Attitudes, self esteem). Psychological factors that are significant in the food selection of adolescents are beliefs, experiences and self- image.3.1 Self concept Self concept is how individuals feel about themselves (Also known as self esteem) and the way the see their body image. Self concept can change over time, or even a few times a day. E.g. A compliment can boost your self esteem. Over the past few years, people as young as 11 have started to become dissatisfied with their body image, especially females. The reason for this is because the media has presented teenagers with the beautiful, and talented people who have the ideal body type, which has caused a decrease in self esteem, and the dissatisfaction with their body image. As a result of this, many teenagers have tried to get the ideal body image by dieting, and the Department of Education and tiddler Development stated that 68% of 15 year old females are on a diet, of these, 8% are severely dieting. Self concept is a reason why people diet, and it has a huge impact on food selection since it can influence teenagers to eat food that have a high nutritional values. Despite this, it can also lead to them ingest next to nothing, which can potentially lead to life threatening eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa.3.2 Beliefs A belief is an opinion that isnt based on scientific proof, and they are often based on religion and ethnical heritage. Many religious communities have placed restrictions on what their people can eat. (E.g. Hindus cannot eat beef because cows are sacred in their religion.) The reason why there are restrictions is because in the past, people believed that it would protect others from diseases, and poor hygiene. Beliefs are very significant, since they can influence eating habits. The reason for this is because adolescents usually follow the food beliefs of their own parents, so the food that they choose to eat would depend on that. For example, a teenager will most likely be a vegetarian if their parents are vegetarian.3.3 Emotions Even though it may not seem like it, emotions play an of import role in food selection, especially during adolescence. The strongest longing for food happens when people are emotionally sensitive, and most are not even aware of it. Emotional eating is when people consume food as a way to deal with their emotions, and teenagers usually use it as a way to suppress negative emotions, such as grief, sadness, anger, and stress. It can be caused when they go through depressing events in life, such as the loss of a loved one, boyfriend/girlfriend breakups, divorce of parents etc. When this happens, comfort foods are consumed, which are foods that are usually high in fat, sugar, salt (For example, ice-cream, chocolate, candy, potato chips) and are generally not good for the health of teenagers if its constantly happening.Overview of physiological factors physiologic factors affect the bodys craving (appetite), and need for food (hunger). The body needs a authorized amount of nutrients from food in order for it to help properly, and to be healthy. The amount of nutrients required vary from person to person, and they are based on their age, gender, build, activity level an d health. Even though teenagers should eat according to their nutritional requirements because they are still developing. Over the past few years, they usually eat according to what satisfies them.4.1 Nutritional Requirements Nutritional requirements are the amount of minerals/vitamins an individual has to care in order to have a healthy lifestyle. The nutritional requirements of an individual depends on their life stage (Infant, child, adolescent, etc.), since each stage requires a different amount of nutrients. As adolescents, they are still developing so they need to have a higher calcium and protein intake (for bone and tissue growth), and carbohydrates (For energy). Gender plays in an important role in the nutritional requirements of adolescents. Females start to go through their menstrual period at this stage in life, so they require more campaign to counter the blood loss during that time. They also need folate, because it decrease the chance of brain and spinal birth defec ts by 50-70% if they get pregnant at a later stage. Males on the other hand, they require more zinc in order to protect their prostate gland and more protein to maintain their muscle tissues, since they have a higher proportion of muscle tissue than females.4.2 Aroma and Taste Aroma and taste are closely related. Plenty of food gives off a scent that can be tasted before the food is actually eaten.The taste and aroma of food is one of the most important factors when it comes to food selection. The reason for this is because its what determines what food is appetising, and what isnt. For example, people wouldnt eat something that has a bad odour. Adolescents tend to choose the food they eat based on its taste, regardless of nutritional value and since junk food tends to be tastier than healthy food, the majority of teenagers eat junk on a daily basis.4.3 Allergies/Food intolerance A food allergy is when the immune system reacts to a certain type of food and rejects it, where as a foo d intolerance is the inability to digest a certain type of food. If a teenager has a food allergy or intolerance, then it would affect their food choices, since they would have to ensure that the food they consume doesnt contain the food that theyre allergic/intolerant to. When a person has If they were to consume food that they are allergic to, they would suffer from symptoms such as diarrhea, eczema,and asthma. Similarly, if a person were to consume food that they were intolerant to, it would cause symptoms such as migraines, breathing problems and diarrhea.5. Overview of economic factors Economic factors relate to the food market and the costs. It is significant to food selection since the type of food that a person eats usually depends the cost, the market and the resources that are available to the person. Economic factors also determines whether people are able to eat the food they want, or the only the food that they can afford. For adolescents, they only can eat what their p arents are able to afford and what they can afford while theyre not at home.5.1 Cost of Food The cost of food is an important factor to consider. As an adolescent, what they eat at home relies on the income of their parents, since that determines the select and type of the food that is bought. Also, teenagers usually dont have a lot of money to spend on food while theyre out with friends. As a result of this, they usually have a habit of constantly eating at fast food outlets such as Mcdonalds because the food is cheap. Although this is convenient, its a bad habit because if junk food is constantly being consumed, theyre not meeting their nutritional requirements and can cause diet related diseases later on. It is estimated that roughly 9 in 10 teenagers eat junk food everyday.6. Conclusion There are various factors that affect the food selection of adolescents. These factors are divided into four categories- Social, economic, psychological and physiological. They all affect adoles cents in various ways, and are some affect them negatively (E.g. the media), by influencing them to take on bad eating habits. Despite this, there are also that affect them positively (E.g. Education) by encouraging them to have healthy eating habits.

Literature of Knowledge Essay

First printed in The North Briton Review, August, 1848, as part of a review of The Works of Alexander Pope, ed. W. Roscoe, 1847. What is it that we mean by literary works? Popularly, and amongst the preoccupied, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book. Little logic is required to disturb that definition. The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the mentation of literature one essential element is, ? some telling to a general and viridity interest of man, so that what applies only to a local or professional or chastely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will non belong to literature.So far the definition is easily narrowed and it is as easily expanded. For not only is much that takes a send in books not literature, except, inversely, much that really is literature never reaches a station in books. The weekly sermons of Christendom, that vast pulpit literature which acts so extensively upon the popular m ind? to warn, to uphold, to renew, to comfort, to alarm? does not attain the sanctuary of libraries In the ten-thousandth part of its extent.The drama as for instance the finest of Shakespeares plays in England and all stellar(a) Athenian plays in the noontide of the Attic stage, operated as a literature on the public mind, and were (according to the strictest letter of that term) published through the audiences that witnessed their representation, some time onward they were published as things to be read and they were published in this scenical mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during ages of costly copy or of costly printing.Books, on that pointfore, do not suggest an idea co-extensive and alike(p) with the idea of literature, since much literature, scenic, forensic, or didactic (as from lectures and public orators), may never beat into books, and much that does come into books may connect itself with no literary interest. alone a fa r more important correction, applicable to the common vague idea of literature, is to be sought, not so much in a better definition of literature, as in a sharper distinction of the two functions which it fulfils.In that great social organ which, collectively, we callliterature, there may be distinguished two separate offices, that may blend and often do so, but capable, severally, of a severe insulation, and naturally fitted for reciprocal repulsion.There is, first, the literature of knowledge, and secondly, the literature of power. The function of the first is to teach the function of the second is to move the first is a rudder the second an oar or a sail. The first speaks to the unblemished discursive reckoning the second speaks ultimately, it may happen, to the high under point of viewing, or reason, but always through affections of joyfulness and sympathy.Remotely it may travel towards an object seated in what Lord Bacon calls dry light but proximately it does and must oper ate? else it ceases to be a literature of power-on and through that humid light which clothes itself in the mists and glittering iris of human passions, desires, and genial emotions. Men have so little reflected on the high functions of literature as to find it a paradox if one should describe it as a mean or subordinate purpose of books to give information. But this is a paradox only in the sense which makes it honorable to be paradoxical.Whenever we talk in universal language of seeking information or gaining knowledge, we understand the words as connected with something of absolute novelty. But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds it exists eternally, by way of germ or latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be authentic but never to be planted.To be capable of transplantation is the immediate criterion of a truth that ranges on a lower scale. Beside s which, there is a rarer thing than truth, namely, power, or deep sympathy with truth.What is the effect, for instance, upon society, of children? By the pity, by the tenderness, and by the peculiar modes of admiration, which connect themselves with the helplessness, with the innocence, and with the simplicity of children, not only are the indigenous affections strengthened and continually renewed, but the qualities which are dearest in the sight of heaven-the frailty, for instance, which appeals to forbearance, the innocence which symbolizes the heavenly, and the simplicity which is most alien from the worldly-are kept up in perpetual remembrance, and their ideals are continually refreshed.A purpose of the same nature is answered by the higher literature, viz. , the literature of power. What do you learn from Paradise Lost? cipher at all. What do you learn from a cookery-book? Something new, something that you did not know before, in every paragraph. But would you therefore put the wretched cookery-book on a higher level of estimation than the divine poem?What you owe to Milton is not any knowledge, of which a cardinal separate items are still but a million of advancing steps on the same worldly level what you owe is power, that is, exercise and expansion to your own latent capacity of sympathy with the infinite, where every thump and each separate influx is a step upwards, a step ascending as upon a Jacobs ladders from earth to mysterious altitudes above the earth. solely the steps of knowledge, from first to last, carry you further on the same plane, but could never raise you one foot above your ancient level of earth whereas the very first step in power is a flight, is an ascending movement into another element where earth is forgotten.Were it not that human sensibilities are refresh and continually called step forward into exercise by the great phenomena of infancy, or of real life as it moves through chance and change, or of literature as it rec ombines these elements in the mimicries of poetry, romance, etc., it is certain that, like any animal power or muscular energy falling into disuse, all such sensibilities would gradually droop and dwindle. It is in relation to these great moral capacities of man that the literature of power, as contradistinguished from that of knowledge, lives and has its field of action.It is concerned with what is highest in man for the Scriptures themselves never condescended to deal by suggestion or cooperation with the true discursive understanding when speaking of man in his intellectual capacity, the Scriptures speak not of the understanding, but of the understanding heart, ?making the heart, i. e. , the great intuitive (or non-discursive) organ, to be the interchangeable formula for man in his highest state of capacity for the infinite.Tragedy, romance, fairy tale, or epopee, all alike restore to mans mind the ideals of justice, of hope, of truth, of mercy, of retribution, which else (left to the support of routine life in its realities) would languish for want of sufficient illustration. What is meant, for instance, by poetic justice??It does not mean a justice that disaccords by its object from the ordinary justice of human jurisprudence for then it must be confessedly a very bad kind of justice but it means a justice that differs, from common forensic justice by the degree in which it attains its object, a justice that is more omnipotent over its own ends, as relations? not with the refractory elements of earthly life, but with the elements of its own creation, and with materials flexible to its own purest preconceptions.It is certain that, were it not for the Literature of Power, these ideals would often remain amongst us as mere arid notional forms whereas, by the creative forces of man put forth in literature, they gain a vernal life of restoration, and germinate into vital activities. The commonest novel, by moving in alliance with human fears and hopes, wit h human instincts of wrong and right, sustains and quickens those affections. Calling them into action, it rescues them. from torpor. And hence the preeminency, over all authors that merely teach of the meanest that moves, or that teaches, if at all, indirectly by moving.The very highest work that has ever existed in the literature of Knowledge is but a provisional work a book upon trial and sufferance, and quamdiu bene se gesserit. Let its teaching be even partially revised, let it be but expanded, ? nay, even let its teaching be but placed in a better order, ? and instantly it is superseded. Whereas the feeblest works in the Literature of Power, surviving at all, survive as finished and unalterable amongst men. For instance, the Principia of Sir Isaac Newton was a book private-enterprise(a) on earth from the first.In all stages of its progress it would have to fight for its existence 1st as regards absolute truth idly, when that combat was over, as regards its form or mode of pre senting the truth. And as soon as a La Place, or anybody else, builds higher upon the foundations laid by this book, effectually he throws it out of the sunshine into decay and darkness by weapons won from this book he superannuates and destroys this book, so that soon the name of Newton remains as a mere nominis umbra, but his book, as a living power, has reincarnated into other forms.Now, on the contrary, the iliad, the Prometheus of Aeschylus, the Othello or King Lear, the Hamlet or Macbeth, and the Paradise Lost are not militant but triumphant forever as long as the languages exist in which they speak or can be taught to speak. They never can transmigrate into new incarnations. To reproduce these in new forms, or variations, even if in some things they should be improved, would be to plagiarize. A good steam engine is correctly superseded by a better. But one lovely pastoral valley is not superseded by another, nor a statue of Praxiteles by a statue of Michael Angelo.These thi ngs are separated not byimparity, but by disparity.They are not thought of as unequal under the same standard, but as different in kind, and, if other than equal, as equal under a different standard. Human works of immortal beauty and works of nature in one respect stand on the same footing they never absolutely repeat each other, never approach so near as not to differ and they differ not as better and worse, or simply by more and less they differ by undecipherable and incommunicable differences, that cannot be caught by mimicries, that cannot be reflected in the mirror of copies, that cannot become ponderable in the scales of vulgar comparison.

Financial statements Essay

David Sheridan provided statements that did not reflect Globals current financial situation which deprave creditors and investors. Borrowing more money would have indicated that the business was in the process of losing assets which would cause stakeholders withdraw and to discontinue investing with the company. This is similar to the Enron scandal, which greatly affected stakeholders not only financi tout ensembley but also morally. According the American journal of business (2006), Enrons top managers chose stakeholder deception and short-term financial gains for themselves, which destroyed their in the flesh(predicate) and business reputations and their social standing. After reviewing the AICPAs Articles of Professional Conduct, I believe that David violated Article I and III. According to Edmonds, T. (2010), Article I Responsibilities- In carrying out their responsibilities as professionals, members should exercise sensitive professional and moral judgments in all their activi ties. Article III Integrity-To maintain and broaden public confidence, members should perform all professional responsibilities with the highest sense of integrity (p. 65). There are three features of the fraud triangle. Edmonds, T. (2010) states, Opportunity is shown at the head to the triangle because without opportunity fraud could not constitute. David found an opportunity that he thought would benefit the company, which allowed Global to hide non-profitable assets in another company without disturbing investors and creditors. It also provided an opportunity, as Global would not need to borrow more money.Edmonds, T. (2010) explains, The second element of the fraud triangle recognizes obligate as a key ingredient of misconduct. A manager who is told either make the numbers or you are fired is more likely to cheat than one who is told to tell it like it is. (p.67). I believe that David felt the pressure as to produce results in order to keep the business from failing. The third element of the fraud triangle is rationalization. According to Edmonds, T. (2010), Few individuals think of themselves as evil. They expose rationalizations to justify their misconduct (p. 67). I believe David and the others involved believed that they were not actually defrauding the people since they had planned to balance the sheets on the financial statements when the economy picks up or the business stock prices rise.ReferencesEdmonds, T. (2010). Survey of Accounting, 2nd Edition (2nd ed). McGraw-Hill Primis Custom Publishing.Petrick, J. A., & Scherer, R. F. (2006). The Enron Scandal and the Neglect of Management Integrity Capacity. American journal of business, 18(1), 126.

Advanced Medical Technology Corp Essay

There be numerous factors, apart form the amount involved and protective covering or collateral offered, a bank or any lending institution considers when granting a loan to potential borrowers. Some of the most great are a business/companys financial standing, its financial obligations, the purpose for borrowing, past financial dealings of the borrower and its existing businesses with other entities. All of these are important factors to determine whether or not a bank shall tie its money down to the borrower.Advanced Medical Technology Corpo dimensionn (AMT), a growing company, is eagerly interested in borrowing capital from Hesperian National Bank of San Francisco, California in the amount of $8 million to maintain its current trade position and to exploit new markets. The president of AMT believes that given the current standing of the company, sales will continue to grow in the same pace. Here are the issues Western National Bank of San Francisco should look into and study in order to come up with a decision regarding the loan request of AMT (1)Current financial physical bodyThe financial statements of AMT for the years 1983, 1984 an 1985 shows that the company has been experiencing clear up losses for the past three years, primarily brought about by heavy spending on research and development. However, scorn the losses, it seems that the companys net profit margin has been improving in a continuing velocity. From 1983 to 1984, the net profit margin of the company improved substantially from -9.77% to -5.44%. This continued the pursuance year with a net profit margin of -4.82. From this, we can infer that should the company continue its aggressive and competitive market stance, its net income would continue to improve. However, given the percentage of increase, the company will still continue to see negative income in the coming years.Reviewing the companys financial statements as well as shows that company is realizing negative return on assets. Albeit negative, AMTs return on assets improved significantly from -14.1% in 1983 to -7.15% in 1984. This growth in ROA continued the following year.Because AMT relies heavily on credit lines to finance its needs for research and development, it is important to look into the ability of the company to pay off its debt given its current moolah and assets. The current ratio of the company is decreasing. In 1983, it had a current ratio of 2.57. It dropped down to 1.78 in 1985. This shows the ability of AMT to pay-off its short-term debt. With the current ratio of the company, it may be safe to infer that the company has the ability fulfill its short-term obligations.(2)Security/CollateralThe possible sources of security for the bank are accounts receivables, inventories and investments.AMT has a total of almost $6 million outstanding receivables in 1985. Given the aging of accounts receivable that year, it seems that there is a lot of room for improvement in the AR collection of the c ompany. AMT should in any case implement a more rigorous investigation prior to granting a credit line to clients or customers. This is to ensure that the company attains a more congenial average collection period.The investment of AMT totaling a little more than $1 million may be a good source of security for Western National Bank of San Francisco, California.Recommendation Given the factors stated above, this paper does not recommend the granting of the requested line of credit in the amount of $8 million. The ratio analysis clearly shows that AMT will continue to see negative returns and profits in the coming years. Its heavy investment in research and development leads to disproportionate operational expenses, which subsequently results to net losses.While the president of AMT is confident that sales will continue to increase at unprecedented pace, this may not be enough for the company to generate profits from its assets and investments. Given this, AMT is most likely to have a difficult time in managing and paying off a loan in this amount.

Are All Adolescents at High Risk for Drug Addiction?

Psychological characteristics is the reason behind the involvement of the immature adults to the social occasion of medicates. This is what the authors who investigated the children in Woodlawn confuse found. The study of Kellam, Branch, Agrawal and Ensminger regarding the investigation of how the use of drugs has been present in the childhood antecedents traced how the group of urban children from 6 to 7 geezerhood old developed.In this study, the authors found that after a decade, when the children aged 16 and 17, they have been using drugs. Also, children who began going to school have already varied ways into young adulthood. (Kellam, Branch, Agrawal, & Ensminger, 1975 Kellam, Brown, Rubin, & Ensminger, 1983)There was also this study of Jeanne and Jack Block about the children at the San Francisco verbalize area, whom since nursery have experienced cases with which psychological characteristics has also been the cause.If in Woodlawn study, children involved are those aged 1 6 and 17, in this study, they have found out that children, at the age of 14, has already committed to drugs and the crimes and cases with its involvement, which is quite alarming.(J. H. Block & J. Block, 1980)The study required the authors to call the governments attention in mitigating the cases committed by young adults. But aside from the governments efforts in conducting programs and actions, the study also eyes for the parents to take actions regarding the issue. In terms of the responsibility, it has been the parents who are always on the nonplus to take care of the psychological and emotional development of the children.These studies also included the whole range of conference later subsumed by the atomic number 20 Child Q-sort and the California Adult Q-sort that was designed to give permission to the clinicians in providing the in-depth, wide-ranging psychological descriptions. It was intend to gather information that is full of all psychological terms to whistle about the c erstwhilerns of the clinical and to give information to the efforts of intervention. (Smith, G. M., & Fogg, C. P. (1978).Earlier investigators to this case have assumed nonstop kindreds between the measures of psychological disturbances and the level of drug usage. It is because the approach assumes that the infrequent experimentation with the drugs has been problematic in terms of psychology, because of the tendency and the pressure to the adolescents for the regular use of drugs and for it becomes good to them (drugs are found to be good when the user is under the ferment of it).N onenesstheless, closely of the adolescents in the United States have experiments in the use of cannabis most of the time, and the huge majority of these adolescents do not latterly become abusers of drugs because at that place is found adjustment in the psychosocial to those young adults who have experiments the use of drugs occasionally and of those young adults who totally avoided drugs. (J ohnston et al., 1986 Johnston, Bachman, & OMalley, 1981 a, 1981 b Miller et al., 1983 NIDA, 1986)Certainly, occasional use of drugs is what has been suggested by most of the researchers for the adolescents to understand the manifestation of the developmentally appropriate experimentation. One of them has observed those behaviors, personalities and the attitudes of the young adults before they choose a path to in their own choice.It is an expedition for or the organization of self-rule and independently personality and performance. This may be believed a normative attitude among the adolescents of the America from a developmental mission of outlook and in conditions of incidence.In their study, the subject was one 100 and one children. There are forty nine boys and the fifty two remaining are girls. All ages 18 years old. They came from the preliminary preview of one hundred and thirty respondents in a study of the development of ego and mentality. They were at first employed into t he experiment at their age of three. They were attending their nursery then, assessed by their parents.The children have been measured on an extensive successions of psychological methods at ages three, four, five, eleven, fourteen and eighteen. Because there are just few of the subjects were lost over many of years, there can still be an amount of degree of difference of the slow destruction.In the interview, it has been those with the age of eighteen are being collected of the information about drugs. These interviews were conducted by the skilled and knowledgeable deficiency experts and the interviews varied over a selection of topics together with the works in school, relationship with the classmates and friends, the dynamics of the family and the personal interests.The respondents were given questions about if they smoked pot or if they are using it in another form. The response goes with answers like if they never employ marijuana, used it one time or two, more than two, one time in a month, one time in a week doubly or thrice in a week and the daily usage.The result of the study reveals that thirty seven percent of the respondents have reportedly trying cocain and those who tried hallucinogens have been about twenty five percent. It was about ten percent of them found to be trying inhalants, barbiturates, amphetamines and even tranquilizers. There was also one of them has found to have used the heroin.Those who tried marijuana also have the largest count, which is about sixty-eight percent. Before this, it was researched that four years earlier, it was fifty one percent only of the research have been using marijuana. Of the sixty eight percent of the category, thirty nine percent has found to be using marijuana once or more within a month, while twenty one percent of it has found to be using it in a week or about more than a week.These data point out that in a no selected delayed young adult example, irregular study with the marijuana is not destru ctive in terms of personal and societal.This insight is held up by studies of the penalties of drug usage, as well as with the research in the primer coat and associative of drug usage and by with the truth that most of the young adults in America have tested marijuana but have not consequently turn to be abusers of drugs.The obvious contradiction between medical awareness and the found facts by the study, on the other hand, have been resulted when it has been documented that the individuals who in attendance themselves for drug treatment are not courier of the broad population of the young adults.For them, the study with the drugs is extremely unhelpful because drugs effortlessly become an divisor of a wider pathological disease. For the young adults more in general, some of the study in drugs is obviously does not have the appalling repercussion in the psychology.The instal of Criminal Justice and Criminology made an evaluation of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE). It examines the DARE if it functions well or bad, and if its reaction to the incidents of drugs is being competent.They compared three hundred forty one fifth grader DARE students to those students who are not under the DARE. There were found major differences in the anticipated track for the usage of alcoholic drink in the previous year, trust in the non anti-society standards, involvement with the group of friends who uses drugs, productive involvement in a group, approach to the police or military, conduct trick, disposition and enthusiasm to the school, behaviors that are close to to material usage, and rudenessThere were no distinctions found on the vice materials such as tobacco, cigarettes, and or marijuana usage last year, incidence of any use of drugs in the previous month. All have been the same, just some changes in terms of number figure, but in the total take to of it, nothing has changed.CONCLUSIONThere have been a lot of books, references, studies and publications tha t are being made by the experts for the benefit of research and information to identify the causes and effects of the drug addiction issues worldwide. Almost every man in the world knows that the use of drugs is illegal, as it has been imposed by the government that drug use is prohibited because of its oppose effects and disadvantages.The reason why there is a naughty risk for the adolescents in drug addiction is mostly because of the psychological attributes. The quality of guidance and care of the parents to their children is proven to be the major cause on why young adults are getting involved into drug addiction.It has been the parents who are being responsible on why the kids grow out of the path and without proper orientation of what life must be when they get into the matured age.Young adults are very prone in the addiction to drugs for their vulnerability stage. They are in the most curious stage of their lives in which no one can not stop them of being probe of everyth ing new to them. The temptation to do everything they want because they are curious about it is very active at their age. So they are really at the high risk of drug addiction.

Reasons behind Self Induced Harm in Cases of Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is considered as an alimentation disquiet which is usually mentioned together with anorexia nervosa and flood eating disorders this so due to the fact that all three pertain to abnormalities in the eating patterns or tendencies of an psyche which agent considerable risk (Ameri cig bet Psychiatric Association APA, 2005). An eating disorder whitethorn not sound alarming, besides in fact, severe disregard on over overall health may lead to imposing consequences, especially in the case of binge-eating syndrome.In addition, not only spate malnutrition be caused by much(prenominal)(prenominal) a disorder, exclusively cardiovascular and deadly complications may likewise arise (APA, 2005). Not only is binge-eating syndrome referred to as a type of eating disorder, but it is also considered to be a severe mental health issue characterized by frequent events of binge eating and subsequent purging (Cooper, Todd, & Wells, 2009). This means that a massive amount of food is consumed by the individual with bulimia, and subsequently the food taken is expelled through various means of purging.Self-induce vomiting, misuse of laxatives, and misuse of diuretics atomic number 18 considered to be the three main categories of how an individual achieves purging (Mehler, 2003). repayable to such actions, the condition of the body would be in a state of severe imbalance, hence causing various symptoms or different levels of severity. The symptoms of bulimia are the situation of a continuous case of sore throat, inflamed salivary glands, puffy cheeks, deterioration of the teeth, gastroesophageal reflux disorder, intestinal disorder, kidney disorder, and severe body dehydration (APA, 2005).Bulimia net be differentiated from anorexia and binge eating on the origination of how eating is perceived and reacted upon by the individual, thus having different sets of symptoms. Unlike individuals with anorexia who avoid eating at all costs, bulimics eat a lot o f food which is taken out afterwards its difference to basic binge eating disorder is that instead of purging, individuals with binge eating disorder simply reach a state of regret afterwards (Grange & Lock, 2007).It is evident that a person that suffers from bulimia does significant sensible trauma to their bodies. Also, one must also take into account that individuals with bulimia are also commonly diagnosed with other psychiatrical conditions including cases of authentic and long standing psychiatric disorders these disorders may include depression, dissociative identity disorder, substance abuse disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, sociable phobia, and borderline personality disorder (Cooper et al. , 2009).The rationality as to why they commit such acts of binge eating and purging, which does not only wear down and considerably weaken the body but also initiates fatal risks and complications, must at that placefore be identified. Based on statistics, out of 100,000 individuals, 26. 5 females and 0. 8 males are bulimics (Treasure, Schmidt, & Furth, 2003). The presence of such effectuate and symptoms upon an individual with bulimia makes it crucial for people to understand the core reasons so as to be able to identify peers who are currently suffering or at risk from the disorder and to bid proper aid in recovery and treatment as well.The fact that the actions done by bulimics are fueled by loving, psychological, and emotional factors, especially their personal appraisal and their concept of ideal physical form, is rather becoming the common perception (Treasure et al. , 2003). However, current trends in studies also nominate ancestralally based explanations to eating disorders (Grice et al. , 2002). Developments in genetics and biological studies have allowed the possibility of bulimia as being directed by more than the social and behavioral factors, contrary to what was previously thought of.Given the extent of bothers and risks as presented, awareness towards the details regarding bulimia nervosa is definitely beneficial. In tattle to this, cultivation regarding the causative agents as to why individuals with bulimia commit such aggrieve towards themselves must be established. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the reasons as to why individuals with bulimia nervosa cause harm towards their own bodies. Methods In order to gather sufficient information regarding bulimia nervosa, a preliminary search for basic information from the internet was done. By shop credible medical websites such as womenshealth.gov, medicinenet. com, mentalhealth. com, and nlm. nih. gov also known as Medline plus, basic familiarization with the disease or disorder was established. It must be understood, however, that this step was simply done in order to learn the basic terms and facts regarding bulimia. It was decided that a brochure on eating disorders from the American Psychiatric Ass ociation (APA) is to be utilized as a source since the association is credible and the information is well-presented. Afterwards, a search for online journals related to bulimia nervosa was conducted in several(prenominal) medical, genetic, and psychiatric sites.Related journals were acquired from the databases of American Journal of Genetics (AJG), Archives of General Psychiatry (AGP), and the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). Books on bulimia nervosa and eating disorders were provided by several peers. Examples of such books, which are generally recent releases and therefore provide updated information, are Treating Bulimia Nervosa and Binge take An Integrative Metacognitive and cognitive Therapy Manual by Cooper, Todd and Wells (2009), and Treating Bulimia in Adolescents A Family Based Approach by Grange and Lock (2007). DiscussionBulimia nervosa is considered to be caused by inter affiliated aspects, including those of psychosocial and biological origins (Treasure et al. , 2003). Thus, it is possible to assess the probable reasons as to why individuals with bulimia nervosa resort into committing harm towards their own bodies. In this sense, insights into the reasons can be efficiently acquired through the review of factors based on psychosocial and biological sources in a evidence manner. Problems during early periods of the life of an individual may cause an individual to get down bulimia later on in life.Concerns regarding weight and appearance may develop early during childhood (Keel, 2006). An example of how early cases of problems in self-appraisal arise may be observed in the association betwixt parents and children since these are the first sources of social interactions that an individual is commonly exposed to. When a child is taken good care of by his or her parents, he or she would come to perceive that he or she is rather important or precious in the opposite sense, a child that is neglected tends to think that he or she is unwanted f or several reasons (Treasure et al. , 2003).In this sense, the child might be led to think that something about his or her physical characteristics is undesirable. Furthermore, teasing and possible mistreatment from the peers of a child regarding his or her appearance, especially their weight, may become imprinted in their thoughts as they age and develop. Thus, early on, a child may peradventure develop a zest to lose weight and break appearance (Treasure et al. , 2003). The point of displeasure towards the current state of appearance is commonly further established during adolescence as this is the phase wherein attraction between genders become apparent.It is also during adolescence that the actions are more controlled by the individual rather than by parents or authoritative figures adolescents become aware of their capacity to question and to refuse to follow such figures. However, due to the fact that they are still not that knowledgeable, they are considerably prone to mis takes. If an adolescent develops a problem such as bulimia nervosa, it has been connected with increased risks of create physical as well as mental disorders upon entering early adulthood (Johnson et al., 2002). In addition, findings of a study done in 2003 reveal that the incidence of bulimia nervosa on adolescents increases as years pass the main reason as to why teenagers choose to commit actions of risk-related behavior is their unvoiced focus and attention on physical appearance including weight (Forman, 2005). As a side note, adult incidences of the disorder are very much kindred to the adolescent incidences in terms of risk factors, symptoms, and development (Cooper et al. , 2009).All of this information point towards the validation of interplay between psychosocial factors as a potential cause of bulimia nervosa. As a result, it becomes evident that a major reason as to why people with bulimia nervosa harm themselves is to maintain a good physical image, possibly in order to prevent potential negative judgment from other people and to portray a positive public appraisal based on appearance. For those with bulimia nervosa, keeping the ideal physical image is vital and certainly of utmost importance, even more than their own welfare in the long run.In relation to this, the concept of keeping an ideal image may be directed by culture, personal cognitive tendencies, and/or derived from stressful events (Treasure et al. , 2003). Having defined the main reason behind the harm caused by individuals towards themselves based upon psychosocial factors, it is now important to assess the biologically based reasons behind it. As with numerous diseases and disorders, there is a current trend of discovering or determining the genetic triggers which initiate the onset of such problems.As mentioned, current research has revealed that there is a genetic or biological basis in the occurrence of bulimia nervosa (APA, 2005). In areas of medicine and genetics, a complex disease is one that is considered to involve the interaction of gene-based and environmental factors. Thus, such diseases cannot be passed on simply from parent to offspring however, the tendency to develop susceptibility can be passed on and can be induced by mutations (Treasure et al. , 2003). In this sense, a person that is susceptible to develop bulimia nervosa is depicted to have genes or alleles that allow such susceptibility.Alone, a susceptibility gene cannot cause the development of the disease, but upon the addition of additional susceptibility genes, the interaction between the collection of genes leads to disease development (Treasure et al. , 2003). In fact, a study was conducted in order to assess the precise sets of chromosomes that confer bulimia. In the said study, it was mentioned that a portion of bulimia nervosa cases does indeed have a familial bearing, suggesting that its incidence in families with members that has bulimia is observed to be rather connected in terms of successive or prior cases of bulimia in the family (Cynthia et al., 2003). Given this, the researchers opted to analyze a significantly large sampling wherein genetic data was collected and analyzed in order to determine where the susceptibility gene of bulimia is located. Exactly 308 families were used as sample, wherein a linkage analysis of the families regarding heritable genetic characteristics of bulimia, such as vomiting, was conducted. The results of the study from linkage analysis have shown that a dominant linkage results was observed between D10S1430 and D10S1423, implying that the effects of chromosome 10p in families with bulimia are the common denominator (Cynthia et al., 2003). With such proof of genetic basis in developing bulimia, especially since it was proven to be heritable, it becomes evident that there is indeed a biological basis in the presence of the disorder. In this sense, an individual may cause harm to themselves due to genetic interaction bet ween susceptibility genes which confer bulimia and its symptoms, for example when genes that code for self-induced vomiting are activated, the individual will tend to induce vomiting upon him or herself.Since bulimia can be considered as rather hereditary, environmental implications of affected families may also cause other members with sufficient susceptibility genes to develop bulimia. In this sense, there are mainly two identified reasons behind the harm those individuals with bulimia cause upon themselves. The first reason is in order to maintain a desired physical appearance of weight as dictated by personal, cognitive, stress, or cultural factors.The second reason is that the activation of certain genes, especially those in chromosome 10p, may cause the development of symptoms related to bulimia, which in turn may cause the development of the overall disorder. These results are not surprising due to the fact that it has long been a common thought that bulimia has psychosocial roots. Also, regarding the development of a genetically based causative agent to bulimia, it is a trend today, with the vast development in genetics, that certain diseases may be triggered by genetic factors.However, as mentioned, pointing out these reasons directly is rather beneficial so that individuals will become aware of the possible causes of developing bulimia and continuous suffering due to the disorder. In effect, individuals can practically assess cases where bulimia can already be detected and also provide preventive support to individuals which may have a higher risk of developing the disorder. In terms of future implications and significance of such results, these data can provide further insight and proof that bulimia nervosa, resulting in self-induced harm, is not only triggered by psychosocial factors but genetic factors as well.Hence, further research may make use of the data presented in order to provide further information regarding the specific areas under psych osocial factors and/or genetic factors. Conclusion The research yielded information regarding the causative agents of self induced harm in individuals with bulimia nervosa. It has been determined that the causes of self-induced harm can be divided into categories psychosocial and genetic. In terms of psychosocial, it has been assessed that the roots of the problem may start young, possibly during infancy or childhood.The development into adolescence also further increases the risk of individuals to develop bulimia as the focus towards appearance is increased. Due to various factors such as negative peer judgment and inappropriate self-concept based on behavior, cognitive, cultural, and stress-related aspects, a person may choose to maintain optimum appearance and weight as he or she may see fit through self-induced vomiting which is a form of self-induced harm.In terms of the genetic factors, it has been assessed that the symptoms of bulimia nervosa is rather heritable hence, the oc currence of the disorder has a familial basis. Specific effects of numerous susceptibility genes, which are generally connected to chromosome 10p, provide the genetic basis of the development of the problems associated with bulimia. In addition, it was also mentioned that self-induced harm such as purging is activated by specific genetic elements.Therefore, the aim of the research to diagnose the reasons behind self-induced harm in cases of bulimia has been completely fulfilled due to the fact that the two main reasons for self-induced harm was enumerated, one being a desire for maintaining or developing an ideal appearance and weight-based on varying criteria and the other being the interaction of genetic elements which, when triggered, can lead to the symptoms such as induced vomiting which is considered to be self-induced harm. ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2006, November). Lets Talk Facts About Eating Disorders. Borchure. Arlington, Virginia American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http//www. healthyminds. org/factsheets/LTF-EatingDisorders. pdf. Cooper, M. , Todd, G. , & Wells, A. (2009). Treating Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating An Integrative Metacognitive and Cognitive Therapy Manual. New York Routledge. Cynthia, M. B. , Delvin, B. , Bacanu, S. , Thornton, L. , Klump, K. L. , Fichter, M.M. et al. (2003). Significant linkage in chromosome 10p in families with bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72 (1), 200207. Forman, S. F. (2005). Review of the book clinical Handbook of Eating Disorders An Integrated Approach. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352 (6), 636. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http//content. nejm. org/cgi/reprint/352/6/636. pdf. Grange, D. L. & Lock, J. (2007). Treating Bulimia in Adolescents A Family Based Approach. New York The Guilford Press.Grice, D. E. , Halmi, K. A. , Fichter, M. M. , Strober, M. Woodside, D. B. , Treasure, J. T. et al. (2002). Evidence for a susceptibility gen e for anorexia nervosa on chromosome 1. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70, 787792. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from http//www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/picrender. fcgi? artid=384957&blobtype=pdf. Johnson, J. G. , Cohen, P. , Kasen, S. , Brook, J. S. (2002). Eating disorders during adolescence and the risk for physical and mental disorders during early adulthood.Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 545 552. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http//archpsyc. ama-assn. org/cgi/reprint/59/6/545. pdf. Keel, P. K. (2006). Eating Disorders. New York Infobase Publishing. Mehler, P. S. (2003). Clinical practice Bulimia nervosa. The New England Journal of Medicine, 349 (9), 875882. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from http//content. nejm. org/cgi/reprint/349/9/875. pdf. Treasure, J. , Schmidt, U. , & Furth, E. V. (2003). Handbook of Eating Disorders 2nd Edition. England John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Creative Thinking

Much of the debateing d angiotensin converting enzyme in formal education emphasizes the skills of analysist either(prenominal)ing students how to disc any short letter claims, follow or create a logical argument, figure break the answer, eliminate the incorrect routes and foc exploitation on the correct unity. However, there is a nonher conformation of view, one that foc substance ab expends on exploring ideas, gen erating possibilities, feel for cosmosy cover answers rather than conscion able-bodied one. Both of these kinds of thinking ar vital to a conquestful operative life, unless the latter one tends to be ignored until after college. We might differentiate these ii kinds of thinking ex commuteable this Critical ThinkingCreative Thinking nalyticgenerative convergentdivergent verticallateral probabilitypossibility judgmentsuspended judgment foc use of goods and servicesddiffuse objective correctionive answeran answer left brainright brain verbalvisual soak uparassociative reasoningrichness, novelty yes unaccompanied ifyes and In an activity alike(p) fuss solving, both kinds of thinking argon all important(p) to us. First, we essential analyze the caper then we mustiness generate possible ascendents next we must contain and implement the best resolve and finally, we must survey the opinioniveness of the flusht. As you throw out chink, this process reveals an alternation between the two kinds of thinking, unfavourable and nonional.In practice, both kinds of thinking exe incineratee in concert much(prenominal) of the snip and ar non real independent of each primaeval(a). What is Creativity? An Ability. A simple definition is that creativity is the ability to imagine or invent any(prenominal) involvement vernal. As we leave alone trip up below, creativity is not the ability to create out of nothing ( lone(prenominal) God piece of ass do that), scarce the ability to generate refreshed ideas by combinin g, changing, or reapplying existing ideas. Some yeasty ideas be awe-inspiring and brilliant, while others atomic number 18 just simple, beneficial, virtual(a) ideas that no one seems to have thought of yet.Believe it or not, everyone has tangible productive ability. Just look at how creative children be. In adults, creativity has as well often been sup cupboarded through education, scarce it is still there and give the bounce be reawakened. Often all thats needed to be creative is to make a commitment to creativity and to take the period for it. An Attitude. Creativity is likewise an lieu the ability to accept remove and refreshfulness, a pass oningness to play with ideas and possibilities, a flexibility of outlook, the ha man of enjoying the wide, while looking for directions to mend it.We ar socialized into accepting only a small number of permitted or normal things, like chocolate-covered strawberries, for example. The creative person realizes that there be other possibilities, like peanut cover and banana sandwiches, or chocolate-covered prunes. A Process. Creative mass work ambitious and continually to improve ideas and radicals, by making gradual alterations and refinements to their works. Contrary to the mythology surrounding creativity, very, very few works of creative excellence are produced with a single stroke of brilliance or in a frenzy of rapid activity.Much scalelike to the real truth are the stories of companies who had to take the invention away from the inventor in order to foodstuff it because the inventor would have kept on tweaking it and fiddling with it, al ways trying to make it a weeny fracture. The creative person agnizes that there is ever so room for improvement. Creative Methods Several methods have been identified for producing creative results. Here are the five classic ones Evolution. This is the method of incremental improvement. New ideas stem from other ideas, new solutions from previous on es, the new ones slightly improved over the emeritus ones.M each of the very sophisticated things we enjoy immediately developed through a long period of constant incrementation. Making something a little recrudesce here, a little better there gradually makes it something a mess bettereven unaccompanied different from the original. For example, look at the history of the automobile or any product of proficient progress. With each new model, improvements are made. Each new model builds upon the collective creativity of previous models, so that over time, improvements in economy, comfort, and durability take place.Here the creativity lies in the refinement, the step-by-step improvement, rather than in something comp allowely new. some other example would be the improvement of the common wood screw by what are now commonly called drywall screws. They have sharper threads which are moved to a greater extent(prenominal) than steeply for faster penetration and better holding. T he points are self tapping. The shanks are now threaded all the way up on lengths up to two inches. The screws are so much better that they evoke often be driven in without pilot holes, using a indicant drill.The evolutionary method of creativity to a fault reminds us of that critical principle Every problem that has been solved nookie be solved again in a better way. Creative brains do not subscribe to the idea that once a problem has been solved, it notify be forgotten, or to the notion that if it aint broke, dont fix it. A creative thinkers philosophy is that there is no such thing as an insignifi bottom of the inningt improvement. Synthesis. With this method, two or more existing ideas are combined into a third, new idea.Combining the ideas of a magazine and an audio tape gives the idea of a magazine you can learn to, one useful for blind population or freeway commuters. For example, someone noticed that a lot of people on dates went initiative to dinner and then to t he theater. why not combine these two events into one? Thus, the dinner theater, where people go first to eat and then to see a play or other entertainment. Revolution. Sometimes the best new idea is a completely different one, an marked miscellanea from the previous ones. While an evolutionary improvement philosophy might cause a professor to film, How can I make my lectures better and better? a revolutionary idea might be, wherefore not stop lecturing and have the students teach each other, working as teams or presenting reports? For example, the evolutionary technology in fighting termites eating away at houses has been to develop safer and faster pesticides and gasses to kill them. A evenhandedly revolutionary change has been to abandon gasses altogether in favor of liquid nitrogen, which freezes them to death or microwaves, which broil them. A truly revolutionary creative idea would be to ask, How can we prevent them from eating houses in the first place? A new termite ba it that is placed in the ground in a perimeter well-nigh a house provides one answer to this question. Reapplication. forecast at something old in a new way. Go beyond labels. Unfixate, remove prejudices, expectations and assumptions and discover how something can be reapplied. wholeness creative person might go to the junkyard and see art in an old model T transmission. He paints it up and sheds it in his living room. other creative person might see in the same transmission the necessary gears for a multi- hasten hot walker for his horse. He hooks it to some poles and a motor and puts it in his corral.The key is to see beyond the previous or stated applications for some idea, solution, or thing and to see what other application is possible. For example, a paperclip can be used as a tiny screwdriver if filed d make paint can be used as a kind of gingiva to prevent screws from loosening in machinery dishwashing detergents can be used to remove the desoxyribonucleic acid from bact eria in a lab general purpose spray cleaners can be used to kill ants. Changing Direction. Many creative breakthroughs occur when attention is sliped from one angle of a problem to another. This is sometimes called creative insight.A classic example is that of the highway plane section trying to apply kids from skate in a concrete-lined drain develop ditch. The highway department put up a fence to keep the kids out the kids went around it. The department then put up a longer fence the kids cut a hole in it. The department then put up a stronger fence it, too, was cut. The department then put a threatening sign on the fence it was ignored. finally, someone decided to change direction, and asked, What real is the problem here? Its not that the kids keep getting through the barrier, but that they exigency to skate in the ditch.So how can we keep them from skateboarding in the ditch? The solution was to remove their desire by pouring some concrete in the bottom of the ditch to remove the smooth curve. The sharp angle created by the concrete made skateboarding insufferable and the activity stopped. No more skateboarding problems, no more fence problems. This example reveals a critical truth in problem solving the purpose is to solve the problem, not to implement a particular solution. When one solution path is not working, shift to another. There is no commitment to a particular path, only to a particular goal.Path reversion can sometimes be a problem for those who do not show this they be distinguish overcommitted to a path that does not work and only frustration results. Negative Attitudes That Block Creativity 1. Oh no, a problem The chemical re act to a problem is often a bigger problem than the problem itself. Many people countermand or deny problems until its too late, largely because these people have never learned the appropriate emotional, psychological, and practical responses. A problem is an hazard. The happiest people welcome and even se ek out problems, meeting them as contends and opportunities to improve things.Definition a problem is (1) seeing the difference between what you have and what you indispensableness or (2) recognizing or accept that there is something better than the current situation or (3) an opportunity for a convinced(p) act. Seeking problems acutely leave build confidence, increase happiness, and give you a better sense of control over your life. 2. It cant be do. This status is, in effect, surrendering earlier the battle. By assuming that something cannot be done or a problem cannot be solved, a person gives the problem a power or strength it didnt have before.And magnanimous up before starting is, of course, self fulfilling. But look at the history of solutions and the accompanying skeptics man will never fly, diseases will never be conquered, rockets will never leave the atmosphere. Again, the appropriate military posture is summed up by the statement, The difficult we do immediate ly the impossible takes a little longer. 3. I cant do it. Or Theres nothing I can do. Some people think, well maybe the problem can be solved by some expert, but not by me because Im not (a) smart enough, (b) an engineer, or (c) a blank (whether educated, expert, etc. Again, though, look at the history of problem solving. Who were the Wright brothers that they could invent an airplane? aura engineers? No, they were bicycle mechanics. The ball point pen was invented by a printers proofreader, Ladislao Biro, not a mechanical engineer. major(ip) advances in submarine design were made by English clergyman G. W. Garrett and by Irish victor John P. Holland. The cotton gin was invented by that well get laidn attorney and tutor, Eli Whitney. The fire extinguisher was invented by a captain of militia, George Manby. And so on.In detail, a major point made by recent writers virtually corporate excellence is that innovations in industry almost always come from individuals (not research g roups) outside of the arena of the invention. General Motors invented Freon, the refrigeration chemical, and tetraethyl lead, the gasoline additive. Kodachrome was invented by two musicians. The continuous steel casting process was invented by a watchmaker (fooling around with brass casting). Soap making chemists turned down the problem of inventing synthetic detergents those detergents were invented by dye making chemists.In a nutshell, a good mind with a positive attitude and some good problem solving skills will go far in solving any problem. Interest in and commitment to the problem are the keys. Motivationa willingness to expend the effortis more important than laboratory apparatus. And remember that you can always do something. Even if you cannot totally eradicate the problem from the face of the earth, you can always do something to make the situation better. 4. But Im not creative. Everyone is creative to some extent. Most people are capable of very high levels of creativit y just look at issue children when they play and imagine.The problem is that this creativity has been suppressed by education. All you need to do is let it come back to the surface. You will soon discover that you are surprisingly creative. 5. Thats childish. In our effort to progress always mature and sophisticated, we often ridicule the creative, playful attitudes that marked our younger years. But if you solve a problem that saves your marriage or gets you promoted or keeps your friend from suicide, do you care whether other people show your route to the solution as childish? Besides, isnt play a lot of fun? hatch that sometimes people laugh when something is actually funny, but often they laugh when they lack the imagination to understand the situation. 6. What will people think? There is strong social pressure to conform and to be ordinary and not creative. Here are some overheard examples Creative Person I like to put water in my orange juice so its less sweet. Ordinary P erson Youre weird, you sleep together? Ordinary Person What are you doing? Creative Person Were painting our mailbox. Ordinary Person Youre crazy. Creative Person Why dont we add a little garlic? Ordinary Person Because the recipe doesnt call for garlic. Ordinary Person Why are you going this way? Its longer. Creative Person Because I like the drive. Ordinary Person Did anyone ever fork you youre strange? The constant emphasis we see in society is toward the ruthlessly practical and conformist. Even the vicious fashions, from those in Vogue to punk rock, are narrowly defined, and to deviate from them is considered wrong or ridiculous. Some peoples drove instinct is so strong that they make sheep look like radical individualists. So, what will people think?Well, theyre already talking virtually you, saying that your nose is too big or your shoes are funny or you date weird people. So, since others are going to talk more or less you in unflattering ways anyway, you migh t as well relax and let your creativity and individualism flow. Almost every famous contributor to the betterment of civilization was ridiculed and sometimes even jailed. Think about Galileo. And look what happened to Jesus. honorable mention Progress is made only by those who are strong enough to endure being laughed at. bases are often new ideas, and new ideas, being strange, are usually greeted with laughter, contempt, or both.Thats just a fact of life, so make up your mind not to let it bother you. Ridicule should be viewed as a badge of real innovative thinking. 7. I might fail. Thomas Edison, in his search for the finished filament for the incandescent lamp, attempt anything he could think of, including whiskers from a friends beard. In all, he tried about 1800 things. After about 1000 attempts, someone asked him if he was frustrated at his lack of success. He said something like, Ive gained a lot of knowledgeI now know a thousand things that wont work. devotion of fail ure is one of the major obstacles to creativity and problem solving.The cure is to change your attitude about failure. Failures on the way should be expected and accepted they are simply learning tools that help focus the way toward success. Not only is there nothing wrong with failing, but failing is a sign of action and struggle and attemptmuch better than inaction. The go-with-the- flow types may never fail, but they are fundamentally useless to tenderity, nor can they ever enjoy the feeling of accomplishment that comes after a long struggle. job you let your fear of failure guide your risk taking and your attempts.You try only three things in a year because you are sure of succeeding. At the end of the year the score is Successes 3, Failures 0. Now animadvert the next year you dont worry about failing, so you try a hundred things. You fail at 70 of them. At the end of the year the score is Successes 30, Failures 70. Which would you rather havethree successes or 30ten times a s some(prenominal)? And imagine what 70 failures will have taught you. Proverb Mistakes arent fun, but they sure are educational. Myths about Creative Thinking and Problem Solving 1. Every problem has only one solution (or one right answer).The goal of problem solving is to solve the problem, and most problems can be solved in any number of ways. If you discover a solution that works, it is a good solution. There may be other solutions thought of by other people, but that doesnt make your solution wrong. What is THE solution to putting words on paper? Fountain pen, ball point, pencil, marker, typewriter, printer, Xerox machine, printing press? 2. The best answer/solution/method has already been found. Look at the history of any solution set and youll see that improvements, new solutions, new right answers, are always being found.What is the solution to human transportation? The ox or horse, the cart, the wagon, the train, the car, the airplane, the jet, the SST? Is that the best an d suffer? What about pneumatic tubes, hovercraft, even Star trek type beams? What is the best way to put words on paper? The word processor? Is that the last invention? How about voice recognition, or thought wave input? On a more everyday level, umteen solutions now seen as best or at least entrenched were put in place hastily and without much thoughtsuch as the use of drivers licenses for ID cards or social security numbers for taxpayer ID numbers. other solutions are entrenched simply for historical reasons theyve always been done that way. Why do shoe laces still exist, when technology has produced several other, better ways to attach shoes to feet (like velcro, elastic, rupture buttons, and so on)? 3. Creative answers are complex technologically. Only a few problems require complex technological solutions. Most problems youll meet with require only a thoughtful solution requiring personal action and possibly a few simple tools. Even many problems that seem to require a tech nological solution can be addressed in other ways.For example, what is the solution to the large percentage of packages ruined by the Post Office? Look at the Post Office package handling method. Packages are tossed in bins when you send them. For the solution, look at United Parcel. When you send a package, it is put on a shelf. The change from bin to shelf is not a complex or technological solution its just a good idea, using commonly available materials. As another example, when hot dogs were first invented, they were served to customers with g spangs to hold them. Unfortunately, the customers kept walking off with the gloves. The olution was not at all complex serve the hot dog on a roll so that the customers fingers were still insulated from the heat. The roll could be eaten along with the dog. No more worries about disappearing gloves. (Note by the way what a good example of changing direction this is. Instead of asking, How can I keep the gloves from being taken? the hot do g server stopped thinking about gloves altogether. ) 4. Ideas either come or they dont. Nothing will help. There are many roaring proficiencys for impact idea generation. We will be discussing and applying them. ________________________________________ _______________________________________ Mental Blocks to Creative Thinking and Problem Solving 1. Prejudice. The older we get, the more preconceived ideas we have about things. These preconceptions often prevent us from seeing beyond what we already know or believe to be possible. They inhibit us from accepting change and progress. Example problem How to connect sections of airplanes with more ease and strength than using rivets. A modern solution is to use glueglue the sections together. We probably wouldnt think of this solution because of our prejudice about the word and idea of glue.But there are many kinds of glue, and the kind used to stick plane split together makes a bond stronger than the metal of the separate themselves. other problem How can we make lighter weight bullet proof windows? Thicker glass is too heavy. Answer Use plastic. Again, we are prejudiced against plastic. But some plastics are not flimsy at all and are used in place of steel and in bullet proof windows. Another problem assimilate a ships hull that wont rust or rot like steel or wood. Solution Use concrete. Our prejudice is that concrete is too heavy.Why not make lightweight concrete? Thats whats done. Final example How to divide a piece of cake equally between two kids so they wont remonstrate that one kid is preferred over the other You gave him the bigger piece you like him better Waaaah Solution Put the kids in explosive charge of dividing the cake. Our prejudice is that immature, selfish kids cant do the job. But the solution, one cuts the cake, the other has first choice of pieces, works very well. 2. Functional fixation. Sometimes we begin to see an object only in terms of its name rather in terms of what it can do.Thu s, we see a mop only as a device for cleaning a floor, and do not think that it might be useful for clearing cobwebs from the ceiling, washing the car, doing aerobic exercise, propping a door open or closed, and so on. (Later on in the semester, we will be doing uses for to break out of this fixation. ) There is in like manner a functional fixation of businesses. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the railroads saw themselves as railroads. When automobiles and later airplanes began to come in, the railroads didnt fit. Thats not our business, they said.But if they had seen themselves as in the people transportation business rather than in the railroad business, they could have capitalized on a great opportunity. Similarly, when the telephone began its rise, some of the telegraph companies said, Thats not our business were telegraph companies. But if they had said, Hey, were in the communication business, and heres a new way to communicate, they would have grown r ather than died. Compare Western aggregate to AT&T. And have you heard of those big calculator companies Dietzgen or Pickett? No? Well, they were among the biggest makers of slip ones mind rules.But when electronic calculators began to rise, they didnt know what business they were in. They thought they were in the slide rule business, when they were really in the calculator business. They didnt adapt, they didnt accept the dispute of change and opportunity, and they fell. And theres a functional fixation of people, too. Think a minute how you react when you see your minister mowing his lawn, or your auto mechanic on a television show promoting a carry. Stereotyping can even be a form of functional fixationhow many people would laugh at a blonde quoting Aristotle?Too often we permit only a narrow range of attitudes and behaviors in other people, based on bias, prejudice, hasty generalization, or riged past experience. Think of those statements like, I cant believe he said that, or Imagine her doing that, and so on. But recall the proverb, The goal of my life is not to start down to your expectations. 3. Learned helplessness. This is the feeling that you dont have the tools, knowledge, materials, ability, to do anything, so you might as well not try. We are trained to rely on other people for almost everything. We think small and limit ourselves.But the world can be interacted with. If you are in need of information, there are libraries, bookstores, friends, professors, and, of course, the Internet. And there are alike city, county, and state government agencies with addresses and phone numbers and web sites. There are thousands of government agencies that really exist and that will talk to you. hand the EPA if youre working on air pollution or pesticides. gravel some government publications. Call your state senator or federal congressman for help on bills, information, problems. Contact the manufacturer of a product to find out what you want to know about it.If you are technologically poor, you can learn. Learn how to cook, use tools, make clothes, use a computer. You can learn to do anything you really want to do. All you need is the motivation and commitment. You can learn to fly an airplane, drive a truck, aqualung dive, fix a carname it. 4. Psychological blocks. Some solutions are not considered or are rejected simply because our reaction to them is Yuck. But icky solutions themselves may be useful or good if they solve a problem well or save your life. Eating lizards and grasshoppers doesnt sound great, but if it keeps you liveborn in the wilderness, its a good solution.Perhaps more importantly, what at first seem to be icky ideas may lead to better solutionsde-ickified analogues of the original. When doctors respectd that some unsophisticated natives were using giant ant heads to suture wounds, they imitated this pincer-closing technique by inventing the surgical staple. Psychological blocks prevent you from doing som ething just because it doesnt sound good or right, which is a picturesque ridiculous thing. Overcoming such blocks can be really beneficial. Navy commandos in Vietnam overcame their blocks and put on womens step-in hose when they marched through the swamps and jungle.The pantyhose cut down on the friction and rubbing from the plants and aided in removing the rafts of leeches after a mission. Overcoming the block to using your own blood to write a help note could save your life someday if you got kidnapped. Positive Attitudes for Creativity 1. Curiosity. Creative people want to know thingsall kinds of things just to know them. Knowledge does not require a reason. The question, Why do you want to know that? seems strange to the creative person, who is potential to respond, Because I dont know the answer. Knowledge is enjoyable and often useful in strange and unexpected ways.For example, I was once attempting to repair something, without apparent success, when an onlooker asked te stily, Do you know what youre doing? I replied calmly, No, thats why Im doing it. Next, knowledge, and especially wide ranging knowledge, is necessary for creativity to flourish to its fullest. Much creativity arises from variations of a cognize or combinations of two knowns. The best ideas flow from a well equipped mind. Nothing can come from nothing. In addition to knowing, creative people want to know why. What are the reasons behind decisions, problems, solutions, events, facts, and so frontwards? Why this way and not another?And why not try this or that? The curious persons dispute attitude toward life is a positive one, not a destructive one reflecting skepticism or negativism. It often seems threatening because too often there is no good reason behind many of the things that are taken for grantedthere is no why behind the status quo. So ask questions of everyone. Ask the same question of different people just to be able to compare the answers. Look into areas of knowled ge youve never before explored, whether cloth dying, weather forecasting, food additives, ship building, the U. S. budget, or the toxicity of washables detergents. 2. Challenge.Curious people like to identify and challenge the assumptions behind ideas, proposals, problems, beliefs, and statements. Many assumptions, of course, turn out to be quite a necessary and solid, but many others have been soak upd unnecessarily, and in breaking out of those assumptions often comes a new idea, a new path, a new solution. For example, when we think of a college, we traditionally think of a physical campus with classrooms, a library, and some nice trees. But why must college be a place (with congregated students and faculty) at all? Thus, the electronic college now exists, where students go to college right at home, online.Correspondence courses have existed for years, too, beginning with the intriguing of the school-as-centralized-place idea. When we think of an electric motor, we automatica lly think of a rotating shaft machine. But why assume that? Why cant an electric motor have a linear output, moving in a straight line rather than a circle? With such a challenged assumption came the linear motor, able to power trains, elevators, slide locks, and so on. Problem We make brandy, and for this special edition of our finest kind, we want a fully-grown pear in one piece inside each bottle. The bottle is narrow necked. How can we do it?As you think, watch for the assumptions you are making. Possible solutions (assuming fully grown pear) close the neck or bottom after insertion, use a plastic bottle like heat-shrink tubing, change to a wide mouth bottle. If we do not assume a fully grown pear grow the pear from a bud inside the bottle. 3. structural discontented. This is not a whining, griping kind of discontent, but the ability to see a need for improvement and to send word a method of making that improvement. Constructive discontent is a positive, enthusiastic disconte nt, reflecting the thought, Hey, I know a way to make that better. Constructive discontent is necessary for a creative problem solver, for if you are content with everything the way it is, you wont want to change anything. Only when you sire discontent with something, when you see a problem, will you want to solve the problem and improve the situation. whiz of the hallmarks of the constructively discontented person is that of a problem seek outlook. The more problems you find, the more solutions and therefore improvements you can make. Even previously solved problems can often be solved again, in a better way.A constructively discontent person might think, This is an excellent solution, but I wonder if there isnt another solution that works even better (or costs less, etc). Another mark of constructive discontent is the enjoyment of challenge. Creative people are eager to test their own limits and the limits of problems, willing to work hard, to persevere and not give up easily . Sometimes the discontent is almost stylisedthey arent really unhappy with the status quo of some area, but they want to find something better just for the challenge of it and the opportunity to improve their own lives and those of others. 4.A belief that most problems can be solved. By faith at first and by experience later on, the creative thinker believes that something can always be done to eliminate or help alleviate almost every problem. Problems are solved by a commitment of time and energy, and where this commitment is present, few things are impossible. The belief in the solvability of problems is especially useful early on in attacking any problem, because many problems at first seem utterly impossible and scare off the fainter hearted. Those who take on the problem with confidence will be the ones most likely to think through or around the impossibility of the problem. . The ability to suspend judgment and review. Many new ideas, because they are new and unfamiliar, se em strange, odd, bizarre, even repulsive. Only later do they become obviously great. Other ideas, in their original incarnations, are indeed weird, but they lead to practical, beautiful, elegant things. Thus, it is important for the creative thinker to be able to suspend judgment when new ideas are arriving, to have an optimistic attitude toward ideas in general, and to avoid condemning them with the typical kinds of negative responses like, That will never work thats no good what an soused idea thats impossible, and so forth.Hospital sterilization and antiseptic procedures, television, radio, the Xerox machine, and stainless steel all met with ho-hums and even antagonistic rejection before their persevering inventors finally sold someone on the ideas. Some of our everyday tools that we now love and use periodic, were opposed when they were originally presented Aluminum cookware? No one wants that. Teflon pans? Theyll never sell. Erasers on pencils? That would only encourage care lessness. Computers? Theres no market for more than a few, so why build them?Remember then that (1) an idea may begin to look good only after it becomes a bit more familiar or is seen in a slightly different context or tog or circumstance and (2) even a very wild idea can serve as a stepping stone to a practical, efficient idea. By too quickly bringing your judgment into play, these fallible early ideas and their source can be destroyed. The first rule of brainstorming is to suspend judgment so that your idea-generating powers will be free to create without the restraint of fear or criticism. You can always go back later and examineas critically as you wantwhat you have thought of.Proverb A crank is a genius whose idea hasnt yet caught on. 6. Seeing the good in the bad. Creative thinkers, when set about with poor solutions, dont cast them away. Instead, they ask, Whats good about it? because there may be something useful even in the worst ideas. And however little that good may be, it might be turned to good effect or made greater. Example problem How can we get college students to learn grammar better? Solution work over their bottoms with a hickory stick. This isnt a good solution, partly because its probably illegal. But should we just toss it out? Why not ask whats good about it? 1) it gives individual, attention to the poor performers, (2) it gives them public attention, (3) it motivates other students as well as the student being spanked, (4) its easy and costs nothing. The next question is, Can we adapt or incorporate some of these good things into a more acceptable solution, whether derivative of the original or not? We easily fall into either/or thinking and believe that a bad solution is bad through and through, in every aspect, when in fact, it may have some good parts we can borrow and use on a good solution, or it may do unsuitably something thats worth doing appropriately.And often, the bad solution has just one really glaring bad part, tha t when remedied, leaves quite a good solution. In the above example, changing the physical spanking to a verbal spanking changes the full(a) aspect of the solution while care all the good points we identified. 7. Problems lead to improvements. The attitude of constructive discontent searches for problems and possible areas of improvement, but many times problems arrive on their own. But such unexpected and perchance unwanted problems are not necessarily bad, because they often permit solutions that leave the world better than before the problem arose.For example, the first glycerol trimargarate was made from beef fat, milk, water, and chopped cow udder. It wasnt extremely tasty or healthy. Then about the turn of the century a shortage of beef fat created a problem. What to use? The margarine makers turned to vegetable fats from various(a) plants and the soybean, corn, and sunflower oils they used are still used today. The margarine is healthier and tastes better. Or think about exams or papers. When you dont do as well as you want, you think, Oh no But actually, you have a good insight into what you dont know and still need to learn.You are awake of the geography of your knowledge in a much more detailed form than before the errors showed up. 8. A problem can also be a solution. A fact that one person describes as a problem can sometimes be a solution for someone else. Above we celebrated that creative thinkers can find good ideas in bad solutions. Creative thinkers also look at problems and ask, Is there something good about this problem? For example, soon after the advent of cyanoacrylate adhesives (super glue), it was noted that if you werent careful, you could glue your fingers together with it.This problema permanent skin bondwas soon seen as a solution, also. Surgeons in Viet Nam began to use super glue to glue wounds together. Another example, also involving glue 3M chemists were experimenting with adhesives and accidentally came up with one th at was so weak you could peel it right back off. Hold strength, shear strength, all were way below the minimum standards for any self-respecting adhesive. A glue that wont hold? Quite a problem. But this problem was also a solution, as you now see in Post-It Notes. 9. Problems are interesting and emotionally acceptable.Many people represent every problem with a shudder and a turn of the head. They dont even want to admit that a problem existswith their car, their spouse, their child, their job, their house, whatever. As a result, often the problem persists and drives them crazy or rises to a crisis and drives them crazy. Creative people see problems as interesting challenges worth tackling. Problems are not fearful beasts to be feared or loathed they are worthy opponents to be jousted with and unhorsed. Problem solving is fun, educational, rewarding, ego building, helpful to society. Miscellaneous Good Attitudes 1.Perseverance. Most people fail because they spend only nine minute s on a problem that requires ten minutes to solve. Creativity and problem solving are hard work and require fierce application of time and energy. There is no quick and easy secret. You need knowledge gained by study and research and you must put your knowledge to work by hard thinking and protracted experimentation. Youve surely read of the difficulties and setbacks set about by most of the famous inventorshow many filaments Edison tried before he found a working one, how many aircraft designs failed in the attempt to break the sound barrier.But planning to persevere is planning to succeed. 2. A whippy imagination. Creative people are comfortable with imagination and with thinking so-called weird, wild, or unthinkable thoughts, just for the sake of stimulation. During brainstorming or just mental playfulness, all kinds of strange thoughts and ideas can be entertained. And the mind, pragmatist that it is, will probably find something useful in it all. We will look at several examp les of this later on. 3. A belief that mistakes are welcome. Modern society has for some reason conceived the idea that the only unforgivable thing is to fail or make a mistake.Actually failure is an opportunity mistakes show that something is being done. So creative people have come to realize and accept emotionally that making mistakes is no negative biggie. hotshot chief executive of a big American corporation warns all his newly hired managers, Make sure you make a reasonable number of mistakes. Mistakes are educational and can lead to successbecause they mean you are doing something. Sir Francis Pettit Smith, one of the early developers of the screw propeller, tried one design in 1836.During the test, half(prenominal) of it broke offwhat a failurebut then the boat increased in speed substantially, revealing the efficiency of a new design, formed from a mistake. In sum, as Vergil once said, They can who think they can. Having the proper positive attitude about generating new and useful ideas and solving problems is really a large part of the whole process. A few years ago, the pipes in my moms house had finally rust through and I was faced with the task of finding a plumber to get a bid. acute how much they charge for small repairs, I knew that doing a whole house would cost a fortune.I thought, You know, Id really like to do this job myself, but I wonder if I can. My neighbor happened to be around once when I said this, and he said, Oh, you can do it. Just that simple expression gave me the positive attitude I needed to do it. So I did. Characteristics of the Creative Person curious seeks problems enjoys challenge optimistic able to suspend judgment comfortable with imagination sees problems as opportunities sees problems as interesting problems are emotionally acceptable challenges assumptions doesnt give up easily perseveres, works hardCreative Thinking1. If you had the power to transform the educational system to more effectively develop criti cal thinking abilities, what suggestions would you want to see implemented? You should focus on only one level. Draw upon the research and principles presented in Chaffees book and identify the specific processes that you wish to encourage. If I had the power to transform the educational system to more effectively develop critical thinking abilities, I would start to familiarize children with the concepts as early as possible. In the past when I was growing up, the emphasis for learning was placed largely on memorization.Since then, however, there is a trend toward teaching critical thinking skills in the classroom. These skills emphasize more than memorizing. They emphasize analysis and logic. If I were revamping the education system I would have classrooms begin to teach these concepts as early as kindergarten. existence open to new ideas and different viewpoints means being flexible enough to change or shift your ideas in the light of new information or better insight. (Chaffe e p. 56) This would be an important concept to nurture in kindergarten because at that age children are still open to new ideas and concepts.To teach them at that age to be open to new ideas would help them when they get older. This would help the child to grow as a thinker. Having children become critical thinkers at an early age can be accomplished by asking questions that have more than one correct answer. This teaches the child that they can answer the question without being appalled of being wrong. Another important method for teaching young children is to have them work in groups. This exposes them to others thoughts and ways of thinking. This is where being flexible comes into play. Young children are naturally flexible in their thinking and open to new ideas.If we emphasize the importance of being flexible at this young age, the child will have an easier time remaining flexible in their thinking and be more open to new ideas later on in life. Even though working in groups is important, encouraging young children to think independently is also important. (Chaffee p. 71) This can be encouraged in a young child by giving them various ideas and having the child arrive at his own thoughtful conclusion. The reason I would start so young is that I feel that the earlier children are loose to these concepts the earlier they will be able to use a combination of cognitive abilities, basic attitudes nd thinking strategies. These skills enable a person to illuminate and better understand the world. (Chaffee p. 71) 2. Imagine that you were born in a different sociocultural context. Describe the factors that would bow your chances of achieving creative breakthroughs. Emphasize whatever domain you feel best reflects your potential. Be sure to also acknowledge the cognitive and developmental notions that are discussed by Csikszentimihalyi. For this question I imagined that I was alive during the depression era and was not part of the wealthy class of that time.My domain would be the writing of novels because I have always liked writing stories. The following factors would influence my chance of achieving a creative breakthrough. One factor is exposure. One cant be creative in a domain without being exposed to it. For example, No matter what mathematical gifts a child may have, he or she will not be able to contribute to mathematics without learning its rules. (Csikszentimihalyi p. 29) What this means is that if I was not able to be exposed to writing, books or famous authors through school, I would not be successful in writing myself.If I dont learn the rules of grammar and spelling it would be very hard for me to write anything worthwhile that anyone would want to publish. Chance, perseverance or being at the right place at the right time is also important. Conditions might not be favorable for me as a writer during the depression. Times were hard for everyone and everybody was try just to put food on the table. There might not be much o pportunity for chance no matter how much I persevere. Also, I might not have much energy to put into writing after spending the majority of my time earning enough money to live. No matter how gifted a person is, he or she has no chance to achieve anything creative unless the right conditions are provided by the field. (Csikszentimihalyi p. 330) The book gives the example of Michael Jordan and stated that if he had been born in a country where basket ball was not practiced, he would not have been able to refine his skills and would not have been recognized. (Csikszentinihalyi p. 331) Also, I would need to have hope. If there is no hope to use my skill, I will not be successful. It is extremely difficult to make a living as a successful writer.If I dont have hope, I will not have much of a chance. One of the most important things I would need is luck. Without luck on my side, my book wont ever be read by an editor. One would have to have luck for the publisher to choose my manuscrip t out of the many they receive. It is very important to be at the right place at the right time. The book gives the example of a painter who made an important edge at a party. Using this example, if I go to a party, I might make an important literary contact which could start my career.If I choose not to attend this party for any reason, I may never meet that contact person and therefore never jump start my career. It is the luck of being at the right place at the right time. Cognitive variables may make me more predisposed to become a writer. I may have more of a strength for writing and less of a strength for math. Writing may come easy to me and if I was exposed early to books, authors and good writing, I may be able to develop this inherited potential. Overall, I feel that it would be extremely hard to become a successful author during the depression unless luck was on my side and I was able to persevere. . The last chapter in Chaffee and the last two chapters in Csikszentimiha lyi discuss improving creativity. Analyze the differences and similarities between the two authors on this issue. How does critical thinking facilitate creativity and what else, beyond critical thinking is necessary for creativity to occur. Chaffee states that both thinking critically and creatively are two essential and tightly interwoven dimensions of the thinking process. These two forms work as partners to produce effective thinking enabling us to make inform decisions and lead successful lives. Chaffee p. 276) Both Chaffee and Csikszentmihalyi have views on creativity. There are both similarities and differences to these views. Csikszentmihalyi feels you should be be surprised and surprise others frequently while Chaffee feels that a person should expect the unexpected. Both authors rival that the creative person should follow up on ideas that create a spark of interest when they emerge. They also agree that it is best to look at a problem from multiple perspectives and that this can be done by using the confirmation of other people.Csikszentimihalyi suggests the following for improving creativity. First of all he suggests both keeping notes of your interests and having specific goals. He also suggests that a person interested in improving their creativity do things that are enjoyable but also have some challenge to them. Also, by taking charge of your time, being open and focused, allowing time for relaxing and making a space conducive to the creativity you are trying to achieve you will be able to be more creative. Both Chaffee and Csikszentimihalyi feel that establishing a creative environment is important.This would be a physical environment that allows the person to be more creativ Chaffee feels that in order to improve creativity, one should begin by understanding how the creative process works. He also states that by allowing yourself to be absorbed by the task and the more knowledge you have on the subject in which you wish to be creative the mo re prepared you are to be creative. Chaffee feels that it is also important to stop thinking about the subject and let the subconscious take over. A persons mind will continue to work on the subject in the background.He also says in his book to become aware of our negative voice which he calls the voice of criticism. This is a hazard to a persons creativity and the creative person has to learn to recognize the voice of criticism and to ignore it. A person can create a positive voice to put in place of the voice of criticism. When a person thinks of different ways to solve a problem, they are using creative thinking. The evaluating of these alternatives is the critical thinking process. Beyond critical thinking, having the ability to choose freely and decide in what area you choose to be creative facilitates creativity. To exercise genuine freedom, you must possess the insight to understand all of your options and the wisdom to make informed choices. (Chaffee p. 293) Chaffee goes o n to state You can learn to redefine your daily life in a new light and enhance its value through free choices derived from thinking critically and creatively. (Chaffee p. 293) Sources Chaffee, John. Thinking Critically A Concise Guide. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Print. Csiksentmihalyi, Mihaly. CreativityFlow and the Psychology of discovery and Invention. New York Harper Collins Publishers, 1996. Print.